---
id: "papers-hub-2-5-token-model"
type: "paper"
type_label: "Papers and paper collections"
title: "Hub 2.5-Token Model"
maintainer: "Samuel M. Smith; Eric Ly"
authors:
  - "Samuel M. Smith"
  - "Eric Ly"
date: "2019-05-14"
year: 2019
reading_level: "practitioner"
reading_level_label: "Practitioner"
reading_level_meaning: "architects, product people and adopters who know identity systems"
evidence: "vendor-reported"
evidence_meaning: "a company's account of its own product or deployment"
status: "quiet"
status_meaning: "no change in six to eighteen months; still correct"
access: "public"
access_meaning: "anyone with the link"
topics:
  - "history"
roles:
  - "researcher"
source_url: "https://github.com/SmithSamuelM/Papers/blob/master/whitepapers/hub-dual-token-model.pdf"
source_license: null
source_license_note: null
found_on: "smith-papers"
kerisse_credit: false
abstract_license: "CC BY 4.0"
abstract_license_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
abstract_attribution: "KSKB, the KERISuite Knowledge Base (https://kskb.dev/)"
last_checked: "2026-10-15"
kskb_url: "https://kskb.dev/cards/papers-hub-2-5-token-model/"
kskb_app_url: "https://kskb.dev/#item/papers-hub-2-5-token-model"
kskb_record_url: "https://kskb.dev/data/kskb/resources/papers-hub-2-5-token-model"
kskb_markdown_url: "https://kskb.dev/export/cards/papers-hub-2-5-token-model.md"
---

# Hub 2.5-Token Model

A 2019 paper describing the token model of Hub, a decentralized trust network based on its Human Trust Protocol: a store-of-value token, a closed medium-of-exchange token used as trust stakes and rewards, and fiat. Not about KERI; of historical interest only.

Labels: reading level Practitioner; evidence vendor-reported (a company's account of its own product or deployment).
Source: https://github.com/SmithSamuelM/Papers/blob/master/whitepapers/hub-dual-token-model.pdf (license not recorded).
The abstract is KSKB's own text under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/; credit KSKB, the KERISuite Knowledge Base (https://kskb.dev/).